In Standard Model we have 6 quarks, and they are the elementary particles that constitue barionic matter. They was introduced in physics with a parton model indipendetly developed by Murray Gell-Mann(1) and George Zweig(2, 3) in 1964. The original theory is constituted by three partons (up, down, strange), but in the subsequent years were provided also the others three quark. In particular in 1972 Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide Maskawa(6) proposed the existence of a new quark, the well known top quark: they introduce in weak interaction theory, discovered by Weinberg in 1967(4) and 1971(5), the CP-violation. In particular they write the hadronic parts of the lagrangian in four terms: kinetics, massive, strong and $L'$. Following the Higgs mechanism(9), they supposed that the CP-violation it could be in massive term, because the spontaneous breaking of gauge symmetry.
Their calculations are group theory calculations: we can imagine the group that Kobayashi and Maskawa used like a space generated by two 4-dimensional spaces (the space of $SU (4)$ group). They pictured three possible partitions for every vector space:
- two 2-dimensional subspaces;
- one 2-dimensional subspace, and two mono-dimensional subspaces;
- four mono-dimensional subspaces.
(from D0 paper)
(from CDF paper)
(1) M. Gell-Mann (1964). A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons. Physics Letters 8 (3): 214–215. doi:10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3
(2) G. Zweig (1964). An SU(3) Model for Strong Interaction Symmetry and its Breaking (pdf). CERN Report No.8182/TH.401.
(3) G. Zweig (1964). An SU(3) Model for Strong Interaction Symmetry and its Breaking: II (pdf). CERN Report No.8419/TH.412.
(4) S. Weinberg (1967). A model of leptons. Phys. Rev. Lett. 19, 1264–1266. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.19.1264
(5) S. Weinberg (1971). Physical Processes in a Convergent Theory of the Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 27, 1688–1691. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.27.1688
(6) Kobayashi, M., & Maskawa, T. (1973). CP-Violation in the Renormalizable Theory of Weak Interaction Progress of Theoretical Physics, 49 (2), 652-657 DOI: 10.1143/PTP.49.652
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(1995). Observation of Top Quark Production in $\bar{p} p$ Collisions with the Collider Detector at Fermilab Physical Review Letters, 74 (14), 2626-2631 DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.2626 (arXiv)
(9) I briefly described the Higgs mechanism in A circle around Higgs boson.
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